<!-- doc/src/sgml/oauth-validators.sgml -->

<chapter id="oauth-validators">
 <title>OAuth Validator Modules</title>
 <indexterm zone="oauth-validators">
  <primary>OAuth Validators</primary>
 </indexterm>
 <para>
  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> provides infrastructure for creating
  custom modules to perform server-side validation of OAuth bearer tokens.
  Because OAuth implementations vary so wildly, and bearer token validation is
  heavily dependent on the issuing party, the server cannot check the token
  itself; validator modules provide the integration layer between the server
  and the OAuth provider in use.
 </para>
 <para>
  OAuth validator modules must at least consist of an initialization function
  (see <xref linkend="oauth-validator-init"/>) and the required callback for
  performing validation (see <xref linkend="oauth-validator-callback-validate"/>).
 </para>
 <warning>
  <para>
   Since a misbehaving validator might let unauthorized users into the database,
   correct implementation is crucial for server safety. See
   <xref linkend="oauth-validator-design"/> for design considerations.
  </para>
 </warning>

 <sect1 id="oauth-validator-design">
  <title>Safely Designing a Validator Module</title>
  <warning>
   <para>
    Read and understand the entirety of this section before implementing a
    validator module. A malfunctioning validator is potentially worse than no
    authentication at all, both because of the false sense of security it
    provides, and because it may contribute to attacks against other pieces of
    an OAuth ecosystem.
   </para>
  </warning>

  <sect2 id="oauth-validator-design-responsibilities">
   <title>Validator Responsibilities</title>
   <para>
    Although different modules may take very different approaches to token
    validation, implementations generally need to perform three separate
    actions:
   </para>
   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>Validate the Token</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       The validator must first ensure that the presented token is in fact a
       valid Bearer token for use in client authentication. The correct way to
       do this depends on the provider, but it generally involves either
       cryptographic operations to prove that the token was created by a trusted
       party (offline validation), or the presentation of the token to that
       trusted party so that it can perform validation for you (online
       validation).
      </para>
      <para>
       Online validation, usually implemented via
       <ulink url="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7662">OAuth Token
       Introspection</ulink>, requires fewer steps of a validator module and
       allows central revocation of a token in the event that it is stolen
       or misissued. However, it does require the module to make at least one
       network call per authentication attempt (all of which must complete
       within the configured <xref linkend="guc-authentication-timeout"/>).
       Additionally, your provider may not provide introspection endpoints for
       use by external resource servers.
      </para>
      <para>
       Offline validation is much more involved, typically requiring a validator
       to maintain a list of trusted signing keys for a provider and then
       check the token's cryptographic signature along with its contents.
       Implementations must follow the provider's instructions to the letter,
       including any verification of issuer ("where is this token from?"),
       audience ("who is this token for?"), and validity period ("when can this
       token be used?"). Since there is no communication between the module and
       the provider, tokens cannot be centrally revoked using this method;
       offline validator implementations may wish to place restrictions on the
       maximum length of a token's validity period.
      </para>
      <para>
       If the token cannot be validated, the module should immediately fail.
       Further authentication/authorization is pointless if the bearer token
       wasn't issued by a trusted party.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>Authorize the Client</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Next the validator must ensure that the end user has given the client
       permission to access the server on their behalf. This generally involves
       checking the scopes that have been assigned to the token, to make sure
       that they cover database access for the current HBA parameters.
      </para>
      <para>
       The purpose of this step is to prevent an OAuth client from obtaining a
       token under false pretenses. If the validator requires all tokens to
       carry scopes that cover database access, the provider should then loudly
       prompt the user to grant that access during the flow. This gives them the
       opportunity to reject the request if the client isn't supposed to be
       using their credentials to connect to databases.
      </para>
      <para>
       While it is possible to establish client authorization without explicit
       scopes by using out-of-band knowledge of the deployed architecture, doing
       so removes the user from the loop, which prevents them from catching
       deployment mistakes and allows any such mistakes to be exploited
       silently. Access to the database must be tightly restricted to only
       trusted clients
       <footnote>
        <para>
         That is, "trusted" in the sense that the OAuth client and the
         <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> server are controlled by the same
         entity. Notably, the Device Authorization client flow supported by
         libpq does not usually meet this bar, since it's designed for use by
         public/untrusted clients.
        </para>
       </footnote>
       if users are not prompted for additional scopes.
      </para>
      <para>
       Even if authorization fails, a module may choose to continue to pull
       authentication information from the token for use in auditing and
       debugging.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>Authenticate the End User</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Finally, the validator should determine a user identifier for the token,
       either by asking the provider for this information or by extracting it
       from the token itself, and return that identifier to the server (which
       will then make a final authorization decision using the HBA
       configuration). This identifier will be available within the session via
       <link linkend="functions-info-session-table"><function>system_user</function></link>
       and recorded in the server logs if <xref linkend="guc-log-connections"/>
       is enabled.
      </para>
      <para>
       Different providers may record a variety of different authentication
       information for an end user, typically referred to as
       <emphasis>claims</emphasis>. Providers usually document which of these
       claims are trustworthy enough to use for authorization decisions and
       which are not. (For instance, it would probably not be wise to use an
       end user's full name as the identifier for authentication, since many
       providers allow users to change their display names arbitrarily.)
       Ultimately, the choice of which claim (or combination of claims) to use
       comes down to the provider implementation and application requirements.
      </para>
      <para>
       Note that anonymous/pseudonymous login is possible as well, by enabling
       usermap delegation; see
       <xref linkend="oauth-validator-design-usermap-delegation"/>.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="oauth-validator-design-guidelines">
   <title>General Coding Guidelines</title>
   <para>
    Developers should keep the following in mind when implementing token
    validation:
   </para>
   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>Token Confidentiality</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Modules should not write tokens, or pieces of tokens, into the server
       log. This is true even if the module considers the token invalid; an
       attacker who confuses a client into communicating with the wrong provider
       should not be able to retrieve that (otherwise valid) token from the
       disk.
      </para>
      <para>
       Implementations that send tokens over the network (for example, to
       perform online token validation with a provider) must authenticate the
       peer and ensure that strong transport security is in use.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>Logging</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Modules may use the same <link linkend="error-message-reporting">logging
       facilities</link> as standard extensions; however, the rules for emitting
       log entries to the client are subtly different during the authentication
       phase of the connection. Generally speaking, modules should log
       verification problems at the <symbol>COMMERROR</symbol> level and return
       normally, instead of using <symbol>ERROR</symbol>/<symbol>FATAL</symbol>
       to unwind the stack, to avoid leaking information to unauthenticated
       clients.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>Interruptibility</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Modules must remain interruptible by signals so that the server can
       correctly handle authentication timeouts and shutdown signals from
       <application>pg_ctl</application>. For example, a module receiving
       <symbol>EINTR</symbol>/<symbol>EAGAIN</symbol> from a blocking call
       should call <function>CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS()</function> before retrying.
       The same should be done during any long-running loops. Failure to follow
       this guidance may result in unresponsive backend sessions.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>Testing</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       The breadth of testing an OAuth system is well beyond the scope of this
       documentation, but at minimum, negative testing should be considered
       mandatory. It's trivial to design a module that lets authorized users in;
       the whole point of the system is to keep unauthorized users out.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>Documentation</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Validator implementations should document the contents and format of the
       authenticated ID that is reported to the server for each end user, since
       DBAs may need to use this information to construct pg_ident maps. (For
       instance, is it an email address? an organizational ID number? a UUID?)
       They should also document whether or not it is safe to use the module in
       <symbol>delegate_ident_mapping=1</symbol> mode, and what additional
       configuration is required in order to do so.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="oauth-validator-design-usermap-delegation">
   <title>Authorizing Users (Usermap Delegation)</title>
   <para>
    The standard deliverable of a validation module is the user identifier,
    which the server will then compare to any configured
    <link linkend="auth-username-maps"><filename>pg_ident.conf</filename>
    mappings</link> and determine whether the end user is authorized to connect.
    However, OAuth is itself an authorization framework, and tokens may carry
    information about user privileges. For example, a token may be associated
    with the organizational groups that a user belongs to, or list the roles
    that a user may assume, and duplicating that knowledge into local usermaps
    for every server may not be desirable.
   </para>
   <para>
    To bypass username mapping entirely, and have the validator module assume
    the additional responsibility of authorizing user connections, the HBA may
    be configured with <xref linkend="auth-oauth-delegate-ident-mapping"/>.
    The module may then use token scopes or an equivalent method to decide
    whether the user is allowed to connect under their desired role. The user
    identifier will still be recorded by the server, but it plays no part in
    determining whether to continue the connection.
   </para>
   <para>
    Using this scheme, authentication itself is optional. As long as the module
    reports that the connection is authorized, login will continue even if there
    is no recorded user identifier at all. This makes it possible to implement
    anonymous or pseudonymous access to the database, where the third-party
    provider performs all necessary authentication but does not provide any
    user-identifying information to the server. (Some providers may create an
    anonymized ID number that can be recorded instead, for later auditing.)
   </para>
   <para>
    Usermap delegation provides the most architectural flexibility, but it turns
    the validator module into a single point of failure for connection
    authorization. Use with caution.
   </para>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="oauth-validator-init">
  <title>Initialization Functions</title>
  <indexterm zone="oauth-validator-init">
   <primary>_PG_oauth_validator_module_init</primary>
  </indexterm>
  <para>
   OAuth validator modules are dynamically loaded from the shared
   libraries listed in <xref linkend="guc-oauth-validator-libraries"/>.
   Modules are loaded on demand when requested from a login in progress.
   The normal library search path is used to locate the library. To
   provide the validator callbacks and to indicate that the library is an OAuth
   validator module a function named
   <function>_PG_oauth_validator_module_init</function> must be provided. The
   return value of the function must be a pointer to a struct of type
   <structname>OAuthValidatorCallbacks</structname>, which contains a magic
   number and pointers to the module's token validation functions. The returned
   pointer must be of server lifetime, which is typically achieved by defining
   it as a <literal>static const</literal> variable in global scope.
<programlisting>
typedef struct OAuthValidatorCallbacks
{
    uint32        magic;            /* must be set to PG_OAUTH_VALIDATOR_MAGIC */

    ValidatorStartupCB startup_cb;
    ValidatorShutdownCB shutdown_cb;
    ValidatorValidateCB validate_cb;
} OAuthValidatorCallbacks;

typedef const OAuthValidatorCallbacks *(*OAuthValidatorModuleInit) (void);
</programlisting>

   Only the <function>validate_cb</function> callback is required, the others
   are optional.
  </para>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="oauth-validator-callbacks">
  <title>OAuth Validator Callbacks</title>
  <para>
   OAuth validator modules implement their functionality by defining a set of
   callbacks. The server will call them as required to process the
   authentication request from the user.
  </para>

  <sect2 id="oauth-validator-callback-startup">
   <title>Startup Callback</title>
   <para>
    The <function>startup_cb</function> callback is executed directly after
    loading the module. This callback can be used to set up local state and
    perform additional initialization if required. If the validator module
    has state it can use <structfield>state->private_data</structfield> to
    store it.

<programlisting>
typedef void (*ValidatorStartupCB) (ValidatorModuleState *state);
</programlisting>
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="oauth-validator-callback-validate">
   <title>Validate Callback</title>
   <para>
    The <function>validate_cb</function> callback is executed during the OAuth
    exchange when a user attempts to authenticate using OAuth.  Any state set in
    previous calls will be available in <structfield>state->private_data</structfield>.

<programlisting>
typedef bool (*ValidatorValidateCB) (const ValidatorModuleState *state,
                                     const char *token, const char *role,
                                     ValidatorModuleResult *result);
</programlisting>

    <replaceable>token</replaceable> will contain the bearer token to validate.
    <application>PostgreSQL</application> has ensured that the token is well-formed syntactically, but no
    other validation has been performed.  <replaceable>role</replaceable> will
    contain the role the user has requested to log in as.  The callback must
    set output parameters in the <literal>result</literal> struct, which is
    defined as below:

<programlisting>
typedef struct ValidatorModuleResult
{
    bool        authorized;
    char       *authn_id;
} ValidatorModuleResult;
</programlisting>

    The connection will only proceed if the module sets
    <structfield>result->authorized</structfield> to <literal>true</literal>.  To
    authenticate the user, the authenticated user name (as determined using the
    token) shall be palloc'd and returned in the <structfield>result->authn_id</structfield>
    field.  Alternatively, <structfield>result->authn_id</structfield> may be set to
    NULL if the token is valid but the associated user identity cannot be
    determined.
   </para>
   <para>
    A validator may return <literal>false</literal> to signal an internal error,
    in which case any result parameters are ignored and the connection fails.
    Otherwise the validator should return <literal>true</literal> to indicate
    that it has processed the token and made an authorization decision.
   </para>
   <para>
    The behavior after <function>validate_cb</function> returns depends on the
    specific HBA setup.  Normally, the <structfield>result->authn_id</structfield> user
    name must exactly match the role that the user is logging in as.  (This
    behavior may be modified with a usermap.)  But when authenticating against
    an HBA rule with <literal>delegate_ident_mapping</literal> turned on,
    <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> will not perform any checks on the value of
    <structfield>result->authn_id</structfield> at all; in this case it is up to the
    validator to ensure that the token carries enough privileges for the user to
    log in under the indicated <replaceable>role</replaceable>.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="oauth-validator-callback-shutdown">
   <title>Shutdown Callback</title>
   <para>
    The <function>shutdown_cb</function> callback is executed when the backend
    process associated with the connection exits. If the validator module has
    any allocated state, this callback should free it to avoid resource leaks.
<programlisting>
typedef void (*ValidatorShutdownCB) (ValidatorModuleState *state);
</programlisting>
   </para>
  </sect2>

 </sect1>
</chapter>
